In the landmark case of Roper v. Simmons (2005), the execution of minors was held to violate the Eighth Amendment prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment
a. True
b. False
Indicate whether the statement is true or false
True
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In their study of 18 juvenile murderers, Myers and Scott (1998) found that 16 of the juveniles had a history of
a) disenfranchised grief. b) psychotic episodes and other mental disorders. c) learning disabilities and neurological impairment. d) violent interpersonal relationships.
One of the benefits of relativism is that it encourages us to maintain an open mind and be tolerant and understanding of differences
a. True b. False
In 1990, the Federal Hate Crime Statistics Act was passed, mandating that the Justice Department secure data on crimes related to religion, race, sexual orientation, or ethnicity. Although the laws vary considerably, the most common elements include all of the following except:
a. Enhanced penalties for common law crimes against persons based on race, ethnicity, religion, gender, or sexual orientation b. Criminal penalties for vandalism of religious institutions c. Expanded criminal investigation strategies d. Collection of data on bias crimes
The concept of general deterrence holds that:
a. motivated people will violate the law if left unrestricted. b. the decision to commit crime can be controlled by the threat of criminal punishment. c. if guardians become increasingly motivated, there will be less crime. d. as people age they commit fewer crimes.