A long-term diabetic patient reports that the physician has told him he has the early symptoms of cardiovascular disease. The nurse correctly understands that diabetes predisposes the patient to cardiovascular complications for which reason?
a. The periods of hyperglycemia that result in diabetes damage the basement membrane causing atherosclerosis.
b. Hypoglycemic periods result in increased release of cortisol resulting in hyperten-sion.
c. Insulin constricts the cardiovascular ves-sels.
d. Diabetes causes a decrease in the body's ability to digest fats by the pancreas.
A
Periods of hyperglycemia cause thickening of the vessels, chiefly the basement membrane (thin layer of connective tissue under the epithelium). The vessels of the retina, renal glomeruli, peri-pheral nerves, muscles, and skin are affected. Larger vessels also are affected, predisposing the patient to atherosclerosis and vascular occlusion. Two out of three people with diabetes die pre-maturely from heart attack or stroke.
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