Foster (1976) identified two distinct categories of healers cross-culturally. Of the following characteristics, which are congruent with the healing practices of naturalistic practitioners? (Select all that apply.)
a. Illness is impersonal and is due to biological forces.
b. Illness is caused by alterations in the body equilibrium.
c. Sorcerers can cause health and illness.
d. Human relationships should be emphasized.
e. Healing modalities include herbs, massage, and surgery.
ANS: A, B, E
Naturalistic practitioners attribute illness to natural, impersonal, and biological forces that cause alteration in the equilibrium of the human body. Healing emphasizes use of naturalistic modalities, including herbs, chemicals, heat, cold, massage, and surgery. In contrast, personalistic practitioners believe that an external agent, which can be human (i.e., sorcerer) or nonhuman (e.g., ghosts, evil, deity), causes health and illness. Personalistic beliefs emphasize the importance of humans' relationships with others, both living and deceased, and with their deities.
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