Four years ago, 89-year-old Hyrum began experiencing a falloff in cognitive performance. This is a sign of
A) a loss of vitality and impending death.
B) preservation of cognitive resources.
C) disuse of particular skills rather than biological aging.
D) the irreversibility of age-related declines.
A
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Scaffolding involves a situation where
a. children learn by imitating a large number of people in their immediate sociocultural environment. b. children are gradually reinforced for displaying behaviors appropriate to their culture. c. parents or teachers provide direct instruction. d. children learn with the occasional assistance and guidance of experts, usually parents.
In one study, sense of __________ predicted favorable self-esteem and overall positive adjustment, whereas sense of __________ was associated with depression and suicidal thinking
A) idealism; omnipotence B) omnipotence; idealism C) omnipotence; personal uniqueness D) personal uniqueness; omnipotence
Eleven-month old Alvaro exclaimed, "Che!" "Oh, you want leche, milk?" beamed his mother, Lucia. Alvaro reached his hands out to grasp his bottle.As Lucia's mother watched the two she suggested, in Spanish, "Maybe Alvaro should learn to speak in English. You should speak English at home.""Mama, then you won't understand us!" Lucia replied."I'll understand what you say, but speaking English is too hard for me.""No. I want Alvaro to know his culture. He learns English at the child care center. Besides, everyone around here speaks Spanish." Lucia gestured, referring to their neighbors.Two years later, Lucia enrolled Alvaro in a preschool near her workplace. In a parent-teacher conference, his teacher explained to Lucia, "Alvaro's mathematics skills are exceptional. He's way ahead of his peers
in counting and understanding math concepts. But he lags behind his peers in vocabulary and syntax. I think he needs some extra practice speaking English to help to catch up and start first grade with his peers. Does he speak English at home?""A little, but we speak mostly Spanish. My mother only speaks Spanish. She lives with us and cares for Alvaro outside of preschool hours. And everyone in our neighborhood speaks Spanish," replied Lucia."Do you read stories to Alvaro?"Sometimes. I work at night and go to school. I'm thankful for my mother's help or I'd never be able to keep up. I try to read to Alvaro a couple of times a week."Alvaro appears to be better at speaking Spanish than English. How might this be explained by a learning theorist? Nativist? Interactionist? What will be an ideal response?
When the results of an experiment can confidently be attributed to the effect of the independent variable, the experiment is said to have
A. construct validity. B. content validity. C. external validity. D. internal validity.