Approximately one in 5000 humans either have a mitochondrial DNA disorder or are at risk for developing such a disorder. What future approach involving nuclear transplantation might be available to treat mtDNA-based human disorders?
A) nuclear activation
B) nuclear disintegration
C) mitochondrial replacement therapy
D) mitochondrial activation
E) mitochondrial suppression
Answer: C
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Efforts to define the last universal common ancestor (LUCA) currently estimate 80–500 genes are shared by all known species. The lower value of 80 was estimated by determining the number of:
A. mRNAs species produced in LUCA. B. genes coded by LUCA genome. C. genes in simplest bacterial species. D. clearly identifiable orthologs in all organisms. E. genes required for processes that are found in all organisms.
Which of the following is not believed to be a virus or to be caused by a virus?
A) TMV B) AIDS C) Epstein-Barr D) scrapie E) T4 phage
A central vacuole
a. is found only in plant cells. b. may take up between 50% and 90% of the cell's interior. c. regulates water balance. d. is all of the above.
Which of the following is (are) problematic when the goal is to construct phylogenies that accurately reflect evolutionary history?
A) polyphyletic taxa B) paraphyletic taxa C) monophyletic taxa D) polyphyletic taxa and paraphyletic taxa