If the mesiobuccal root of the maxillary first molar is not anesthetized by a posterior superior alveolar block, what should the dental professional do?

A. Reinject at the same site as for the posterior superior alveolar block
B. Perform a buccal block injection
C. Administer a middle superior alveolar block injection
D. Perform a greater palatine block injection


Answer: C. Administer a middle superior alveolar block injection

Anatomy & Physiology

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In the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone pathway that regulates blood pressure, renin is controlled in the following ways EXCEPT

A) Juxtaglomerular cells themselves can sense pressure changes and release renin when blood pressure declines. B) Decreases in blood pressure activate sympathetic neurons in the medulla oblongata, triggering renin secretion. C) Macula densa cells in the wall of the distal tubule respond to a decrease in urine flow and Na+ delivery by releasing a paracrine signal that leads to renin secretion. D) Decreased perfusion of the lung leads to the production of angiotensin-converting enzyme, or ACE, that directly leads to renin secretion.

Anatomy & Physiology

Answer the following statements true (T) or false (F)

1. Two neuron reflexes contain an interneuron and a motor neuron. 2. A ganglion is a group of nerve cell bodies located in the peripheral nervous system. 3. The difference between a two- and three-neuron reflex is the presence of an interneuron. 4. All interneurons are found in the central nervous system. 5. Multiple sclerosis is a disorder caused by injury or death to the oligodendrocytes.

Anatomy & Physiology

Answer the following statements true (T) or false (F)

1. Each resting neuron has a slight positive charge on the outside. 2. In the resting neuron, there is an excess of sodium ions on the interior of the cell. 3. When a resting neuron is stimulated, sodium ions rush into the cell, causing the interior to become negatively charged. 4. Saltatory conduction occurs when a nerve impulse jumps over the myelin sheath of an axon. 5. Saltatory conduction tends to be slower then nonsaltatory nerve conduction.

Anatomy & Physiology

Which of the following statements best describes angular movements?

A) They change (increase or decrease) the angle between two bones. B) They occur only between bones with flat articular processes. C) They turn a bone along its own long axis. D) They allow movement only in one plane.

Anatomy & Physiology