Compare and contrast cognitive psychology, behaviorism, and social cognitive theory with respect to each of the following:
a. How learning is defined
b. The role that consequences of behavior play in learning
c. The role that mental processes play in learning
Answers to the separate parts of the question are as follows:
a. Cognitive psychology and social cognitive theory both define learning as an internal mental phenomenon. Behaviorism defines it as a behavior change.
b. Cognitive psychology does not focus on the consequences of behavior. Social cognitive theory considers consequences experienced either directly or vicariously. Behaviorists focus on reinforcement and punishment experienced personally.
c. Cognitive psychology focuses on mental processes. Social cognitive theory considers them, although not in as much detail. Mental processes play little role in behaviorism.
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Refer to Exhibit 9-3. A quantitative aptitude test used for screening applicants for admission to the School of Engineering
a. evidence based on content b. evidence supporting construct c. evidence based on relationship to other variables
Motivation is an example of a need from which domain?
a. cognitive domain b. communicative domain c. affective domain d. physical/ health domain
Leticia chose to go to a birthing center for the birth of her first child because she wanted:
a. a facility that prohibits caesarean births. b. a birthing location with fewer restrictions for family members than a regular hospital. c. a birthing location equipped to address possible complications of her high risk pregnancy. d. delivery by a female doula and no male presence except her baby's father.
Ashton is one of Mrs. O'Connor's students. She is working on a math task that requires the use of a formula. She tries one formula and gets the wrong answer. She checks her work and realizes she is using the wrong formula. She tries a different formula and gets the right answer. What type of knowledge does she demonstrate as she decides which formulato use?
a. Declarative knowledge b. Conditional knowledge c. Procedural knowledge d. Elaborative knowledge