Discuss the etiology and pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease (PD).
What will be an ideal response?
The etiology of PD remains unclear, but proposed contributing factors include genetics, environmental toxins, prions (protein malformations), oxidative stress, imbalance of neurotransmitters leading to excitotoxicity, mitochondrial dysfunction, loss of ability to reproduce dopamine-producing cells (including the loss that occurs with aging), abnormal inflammatory response within certain cells of the brain, improper response to dopamine within the brain, and increased rate of cell death. Twin and family studies indicate that genetics may certainly contribute to early-onset Parkinson's, but genetic testing is not currently routine and is used only in research settings. Over 16 mutations have been noted on multiple chromosomes that are linked to PD.
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Sublingual administration requires an injection into the body under the skin.
Answer the following statement true (T) or false (F)
In the Diabetes Prevention Program, a multicenter trial of adults with impaired glucose tolerance, dietary changes, and increased physical activity led to a ____ reduction in diabetes incidence over a 3-year period
a. 18% b. 38% c. 58% d. 78%
Who among the following have the lowest bone density? Mary who is
A) 56 years old B) 76 years old C) 66 years old D) 46 years old
The property of proteins that maintains fluid balance is their
A) ability to repel water. B) ability to attract water. C) ability to dissolve in water. D) invulnerability to water.