Which of the following lead to an increased end-tidal PCO2? 1. Decreased effective ventilation 2. Increased metabolic rate 3. Decreased minute ventilation 4. Exercise
a. 1 and 3 only
b. 1, 2, and 3 only
c. 3 and 4 only
d. 2, 3, and 4 only
ANS: B
Positive pressure ventilation (especially with PEEP), pulmonary embolism, cardiac arrest, and pulmonary hypoperfusion also may cause an increase in PaCO2 to PETCO2 gradient [P(a–ET)CO2]. Exercise and a large tidal volume can reverse the P(a–ET)CO2 gradient, the PETCO2 can actually exceed the PaCO2.
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