Which of the following are contraindications for heat and moisture exchangers?
1. Presence of thick, copious, or bloody secretions
2. Presence of a large leak around artificial airway
3. When a patient is suffering from hyperpyrexia
4. When a patient's minute ventilation exceeds 10 L/min
a. 1 and 3 only
b. 1, 2, and 3 only
c. 4 only
d. 1, 2, and 4 only
ANS: D
The AARC has published Clinical Practice Guideline: Humidification During Mechanical Venti-lation. Excerpts appear on p. 831.
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