What is distance determination? Describe two situations in which distance determination can establish the facts of a shooting incident.
What will be an ideal response?
Distance determination is the process of determining the distance between the firearm and a target, usually based on the distribution of powder patterns or the spread of a shot pattern. If a suspect pleads self-defense as the motive for a shooting, determining how far apart the suspect and victim
were at the time of shooting can establish the facts of the incident. Distance determination can also determine whether a shooting was suicide, which usually involves a very close-range gunshot wound. The absence of characteristics consistent with a close-range shot is a strong indication that the wound was not self-inflicted and signals the possibility of foul play.
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A victim of domestic violence has several choices for protection. Which of the following is not accurate?
A. A civil restraining order from family court, useful if there are children B. A criminal protective order, if the danger is immediate C. An ex parte TRO, which would require an immediate hearing with the respondent present in court D. A "no contact" or "stay away" order, especially useful if the parties had been living together
According to John Hagan, which of the following criteria helps us differentiate between real crimes and those which are arbitrary and socially constructed?
a. consensus b. harm c. severity d. all of these
Which of the following is NOT one of the elements of punishment according to Herbert Packer?
A. An offense B. The infliction of pain because of the commission of the offense C. Use of community justice tactics to deter the person who committed the crime D. A dominant purpose to prevent further offenses or to inflict pain on the person who committed the crime
What is the ability to make operational decisions based on personal judgment instead of formal rules?
a. discretion b. ethics c. justice d. morals