Culpable mental states are classified according to relative degrees, from highest to lowest. What is higher than "criminal negligence"?
a. Knowingly
b. Recklessly
c. Intentionally
d. All of the above
e. None of the above
Answer: d. All of the above
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Kant argues that we have a prima facie duty to ______.
a. help others b. keep promises c. repay past acts of kindness d. all of these
Which of the key requirements for an effective deterrence system is problematic because it is reasonably achieved only if citizens are willing to be constantly monitored?
a. Certainty b. Swiftness c. Severity d. Predictability
Historically, race and the ______ have been closely associated.
a. level of education of inmates b. death penalty c. drug war d. none of these
Answer the following statement(s) true (T) or false (F)
1. According to Cloward and Ohlin, all neighborhoods are fertile criminal learning environments for the young. 2. According to differential opportunity theory, criminal subcultures and the neighborhoods in which they reside can perpetuate crime through generations with the use of their own forms of icons and role models (legitimate or not). 3. According to Cloward and Ohlin, retreatist subcultures develop in disorganized communities where illegitimate opportunities are largely absent and those that exist are closed to adolescents. 4. According to Robert Agnew’s general strain theory, some people are pressured into crime. 5. According to Messner and Rosenfeld, the American Dream fosters an “anything goes” mentality.