In order to minimize the temptation for managers to act in their own self-interest, governance mechanisms exist for implementation consideration. Which of the following is not a primary means for monitoring managerial behavior?
A. a board of directors that acts in the best interests of shareholders to create long-term value
B. managerial incentives to align management interests with those of the stockholders
C. shareholder activism in which owners view themselves as shareowners
D. a board of directors that acts in the best interests of shareholders to create short-term value
Answer: D
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