Describe the main properties of neuropeptides (neuromodulators).
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Researchers often refer to the neuropeptides as neuromodulators, because they have several properties that set them apart from other transmitters. Whereas the neuron synthesizes most other neurotransmitters in the presynaptic terminal, it synthesizes neuropeptides in the cell body and then slowly transports them to other parts of the cell. Whereas other neurotransmitters are released at the axon terminal, the neuropeptides are released mainly by dendrites, and also by the cell body and the sides of the axon. A single action potential can release other neurotransmitters, but neuropeptide release requires repeated stimulation. However, after a few dendrites release a neuropeptide, the released chemical primes other nearby dendrites to release the same neuropeptide also, including dendrites of other cells. Thus, neurons containing neuropeptides do not release them often, but when they do, they release substantial amounts. Furthermore, unlike other transmitters that are released immediately adjacent to their receptors, neuropeptides diffuse widely, slowly affecting many neurons in their region of the brain. In that way they resemble hormones. Because many of them exert their effects by altering gene activity, their effects are long-lasting, in the range of 20 minutes or more. Neuropeptides are important for hunger, thirst, and other long-term changes in behavior and experience.
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Differentiate between stimulants, depressants, opiates, and hallucinogens, and give at least two examples of each. Among the drugs that you listed, identify the one you think is the most dangerous in terms of physical harm, drug dependence, and social harm, and explain why.
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The traditional nuclear family consists of
a. the siblings in a family. b. mother, father, and one or more children. c. grandparents, parents, and offspring. d. one's family "tree."
Which of the following statements best describes the interaction of heredity and environment on mentalfunctioning?
A. Hereditary factors associated with genetic make-up are far more influential than environment. B. Environmental factors are far more influential than hereditary factors. C. Heredity and environment play a role on mental functioning. D. There is a lack of evidence to make any claims about heredity or environment on mental functioning.
Provocation is any action that tends to trigger aggression in the recipient when that action is perceived as arising from________ intent
FIll in the blank with correct word.