The ____________ model of incarceration emphasizes security, order, and discipline
Fill in the blank(s) with correct word
custodial
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Nightsticks, flashlights, and whistles no longer serve as effective tools for communication
Indicate whether the statement is true or false
The study by Pogarsky, Kim, and Paternoster (2005) examined a national sample of youth to see if being arrested affected perceptions of the certainty of punishment. Which of the following statements about their findings is true?
a. if youth or their peers engaged in offending then the youths’ perceptions of certainty of punishment significantly increased b. the evidence was inconclusive c. only convictions had an effect on perceptions of the certainty of punishment d. arrests had little effect on perceptions of the certainty of punishment
Fines are a preferred way of dealing with criminality and are normally the sole sanction for a wide range of crimes in what continent?
a. Europe b. North America c. Africa d. South America e. Asia
What rule requires courts to resolve every ambiguity in a criminal statute in favor of the defendant?
a. the rule of heightened scrutiny b. the rule of strict scrutiny c. the compelling government interest rule d. the rule of lenity