In most genes, the rate of synonymous mutations is significantly higher than that of nonsynonymous mutation. The MHC genes exhibit the reverse, having over twice as many nonsynonymous as synonymous mutations. Explain this phenomenon
What will be an ideal response?
Synonymous mutations do not change the amino acid composition of a gene product. Nonsynonymous mutations do. Most changes in amino acids in a protein could have a deleterious effect and would be selected against. The MHC relies on genetic diversity to optimize immune responses both for the individual and for the species. Therefore, nonsynonymous mutations could provide a selective advantage.
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What is the difference between mutualism and synergism?
A. In a synergistic relationship, both organisms benefit, but in a mutualistic relationship both organisms are harmed. B. In a mutualistic relationship, the organisms are dependent upon each other. C. In a synergistic relationship, the organisms cannot survive without each other. D. In a mutualistic relationship, both organisms benefit, but in a synergistic relationship both organisms are harmed.
Which two of the following statements regarding virulence factors are correct?
a. Virulence factors are microbial adaptations used to invade and establish in the host b. Virulence factors are structures used for attachment to the host c. Pathogens all contain a host of virulence factors that act in concert to cause infection d. Virulence factors determine the degree of tissue damage that occurs
Serial repetition of segments is a defining characteristic of which worm phylum?
A) Flatworms B) Annelids C) Roundworms D) Segmentation is not a defining characteristic of any of the worm phyla.
Cardiac muscles cells have a sarcolemma that is more permeable to calcium, which causes them to __________
Fill in the blank(s) with the appropriate word(s).