Pnull is defined as _________
a. the probability of getting a plus with any subject in the sample of the experiment when the independent variable has no effect in the direction predicted by a directional H1
b. the probability of getting a plus with any subject in the sample of the experiment when the independent variable has a real effect
c. the probability of getting a plus with any subject in the sample of the experiment when the independent variable has an effect in the direction predicted by a directional H1
d. the probability of getting a plus with any subject in the sample of the experiment when the independent variable has no effect.
D
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The theory of “leadership substitutes” argues that
a. in some cases, leadership is unnecessary and/or unlikely. b. the need for a leader is influenced only by members’ basic needs. c. groups should be organized so that leaders are unnecessary. d. groups work best when each member substitutes as the leader.
To establish evidence of interrater reliability, a researcher must show evidence that ______.
A. two or more raters are in agreement with what they observed B. a measure can be used to infer or predict a criterion or expected outcome C. multiple items in a survey are measuring the same construct D. a measure is consistent or stable at two points in time
The tendency for individuals to attribute their own successes to internal factors while putting the blame for failures on external factors is called
a. the halo effect. b. projection. c. stereotyping. d. self-serving bias. e. contrast effects.
Two-word combinations found in children’s telegraphic speech often appear to be expressing common _________________
a. semantic relations (such as agent-action and action-object) b. grammatical inflections c. word combinations used in adult speech such as “the dog” and “my shoe” d. grammatical rules found in adult speech