What risk factors does Mrs. Hoffman have for this disease?
What will be an ideal response?
• Mrs. Hoffman's major risk factor is that she smoked at least a pack of cigarettes per day for 46 years.
• Smoking is the major cause of COPD.
• > 90% of persons with COPD have a smoking history.
• She seems to have a family history as well, so perhaps there is a genetic susceptibility involved in the etiology of her disease.
• Mother and aunts died of lung cancer.
• She also has a history of frequent bronchitis and upper respiratory infections during the winter for most of her adult life (chronic presence of inflammatory cells).
• Recognize, though, that it is difficult to separate these out from her history of smoking.
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List and discuss the health benefits of a vegetarian diet.
What will be an ideal response?
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