Which of the following represents observational learning?
a. Jonathan jumps when he hears loud thunder.
b. Nicholas isn't given any dessert because he didn't eat his green vegetables at dinner.
c. Gina watches her mother mow the grass and then she pushes her toy lawnmower around the lawn in a similar way.
d. Sara stops having temper tantrums in public when her father begins ignoring them.
C
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Punjit works at a button-sorting factory. He feels bad that he can sort only twenty buttons a minute, when the average worker can sort thirty. To feel better about himself, Punjit compares his performance with Brant, who can sort only ten buttons a minute. This is an example of ____
a. ?downward social comparison b. ?unrealistic optimism c. ?the actor-observer effect d. ?the fundamental attribution error
Children learn to change their speech style to suit the situation by around
A. 2 to 3 years of age. B. 4 to 5 years of age. C. 7 to 8 years of age. D. 3 to 4 years of age.
Encopresis most often results from __________, but its cause is rarely studied.
a. constipation resulting from medical issues b. parental withholding of reinforcement c. overuse of laxatives d. withholding of stool
Food, water, pain reduction, sex, and brain stimulation have in common the fact that all are __________ reinforcers
a. primary b. negative c. secondary d. positive