Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a pathological condition resulting from exposure to irritants (especially tobacco smoke). The primary signs of COPD are
a. Coughing and cyanosis
b. Coughing and dyspnea
c. Coughing and a bright pink color from the carbon dioxide
d. Coughing and hemoptysis
B
The lungs become hyperinflated and the diaphragm flattens in a patient with COPD. The patient needs to use the abdominal and intercostal muscles to breathe. Use of these muscles requires more energy than use of the diaphragm, and this causes the dyspnea. Coughing is a classic symptom of COPD and is due to damage of the alveoli.
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a. knowledge c. willingness b. competence d. leadership
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