For children with most physical disabilities and other health impairments, a common cause of academic difficulties is
A) discrimination and prejudice.
B) erratic school attendance.
C) poor study skills.
D) inadequate motivation.
B
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In a nonrandomized control group, pretest-posttest design, the recommended procedure for analyzing test results is a(n)
a. t-test of the difference between pretest and posttest means for both the experimental and the control group. b. four-way analysis of variance. c. analysis of covariance, in which the posttest means are compared using the pretest means as the covariate. d. analysis of variance of the mean pretest-posttest change for the experimental and control groups.
Two essay items, one a restricted response type and the other the extended response type, are used to assess a group of students on the same content. Which type is likely to yield the more reliably scored results and why?
(a) The extended response type, because it covers more ground than the restricted response type. (b) The extended response type, because students have more freedom to express their ideas than with the restricted response type. (c) The restricted response type, because it is more focused than the extended response type. (d) The restricted response type, because the students' answers are shorter.
When it comes to social mobility, people in the United States are
a. Less likely to move down in social class. b. Have greater social mobility than others countries such as Germany, France, and Great Britain. c. More likely to move up in social status than in past years. d. Most likely to spend their lives in the same social strata as they were born.
A term referring to perspectives on children's development that emphasize the importance of cultural influences is:
A. "cultural constructivism." B. "ethnoconstructivism." C. "anthropological constructivism." D. "social constructivism."