Which factors would be considered threats to internal validity? (Select all that apply.)
a. Time
b. Selection effects
c. History
d. Testing
e. Subject availability
f. Cost
g. Selection bias
ANS: C, D, G
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Correct History refers to events occurring outside the study setting that can affect the dependent variable.
Testing can affect the dependent variable because the effect of taking a pretest may affect the subjects' posttest performance (the dependent variable).
Selection bias occurs if precautions are not taken to obtain a representative sample. Randomly assigning subjects to groups helps to minimize selection bias.
Incorrect Time is a pragmatic consideration when determining the feasibility of a research question.
Selection effects occur when the researcher cannot attain the ideal sample population. This limits generalizability (external validity).
Subject availability is a pragmatic consideration when determining the feasibility of a research question.
Cost is a pragmatic consideration when determining the feasibility of a research question.
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