To infer causality, all of the following must be present EXCEPT:
a. there must be a statistical association between two variables.
b. one variable must occur prior in time to the other variable.
c. there must be a positive relationship between the two variables.
d. all of the other answers state factors that must be present.
C
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A negative reinforcer is best described as which of the following:
A) A spanking that is aversive and stops a negative behavior. B) Something that is avoided or one escapes from in order to increase the likelihood that the behavior will occur. C) Involves taking away a chip or a token when a behavior is performed. D) None of the above
Which of the following periods of time did not include an expansion of government intervention in child welfare?
a. The Progressive Era b. The Depression c. Immediately after World War II d. The 1970s
Ambiguity and lack of a structured approach in groups often lead to:
A) ?More freedom of expression B) ?A leader among the counselees who emerges and challenges authority C) ?Anxiety D) ?Positive advice
The Dodo Bird Verdict suggests that ______.
A. the practitioner should use the treatment with the highest level of evidence in its support B. the common factors in treatment are more important than the choice you make among different bona fide treatments C. there are no bona fide treatments for most mental health disorders D. the practitioner should employ random samples of clients