Which child living in a low-SES, predominantly African-American neighborhood is the most likely to have self-esteem problems?
A) Patti, a European-American child
B) Tamara, an African-American girl
C) Perry, a child from a low-SES family
D) Sherman, an African-American boy
Answer: A
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Consistent with Vygotsky's idea that cognition develops first in the social realm external to the child, before becoming interiorized, recent research indicates that children's use of which of the following as a strategy helps them solve math problems?
a. counting on fingers c. memorizing related facts b. using gestures d. using manipulatives
Results of research on latent learning and observational learning suggest all of the following EXCEPT
a. Learning can occur without obvious reward. b. Learning can be interpreted in cognitive concepts. c. Learning cannot be explained in behavioral terms alone. d. Learning can occur only if the operant is reinforced.
The essential drawback to stereotypes is that
a. they are overgeneralizations. b. they produce dissonance. c. no two are the same. d. they are schemas. e. they emphasize individual differences.
Which of the following statements is FALSE?
A. A psychological test can be reliable, but not valid. B. Reliability is a characteristic of the test itself; validity depends on how the test is used. C. When a test is reliable, it is automatically valid as well. D. It is inappropriate for a publisher to simply state that their test is valid.