What are some difficulties that scientists have had in categorizing people by race and in defining race?
What will be an ideal response?
a. Skin color has often been a means by which people are racially categorized. This is unreliable because sometimes people with darker skin will be considered "white" while people with lighter skin will be considered "black".
b. Race is seem as involving discrete, mutually exclusive categories; a person falls in one and only one category. In reality, the characteristics associated with the categories fall on a continuum, so the cutoff points are arbitrary.
c. Scientists have not reached consensus about what racial categories there might actually be. There is no set number of racial categories that scientists agree on.
d. Geographical criteria for race is unreliable because there are many people whose birthplace is not a reliable indicator of their ancestry, which is likely to be mixed in any case.
e. When scientists did create racial categories, they were based on subjective, nonscientific criteria.
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Lobbying is an activity that refers to
a. buying favors in Austin. b. efforts to influence policymakers face-to-face. c. citizens voting on Election Day. d. "twisting the arms" of legislators. e. bribery and corruption.
The vast majority of criminal cases are handled by
a. the U.S. Supreme Court. b. U.S. courts of appeal. c. U.S. district courts. d. U.S. military courts. e. state courts.
What are the advantages of the interrupted time-series design and the replicated time-series design over other quasi-experimental designs?
What will be an ideal response?
Which type of organization would find it easiest to overcome the free-rider problem?
a. an environmental organization working to pass climate change legislation b. a labor union in a state where union membership is optional c. a trade association representing a small number of firms d. a national organization fighting for women's rights