Mr. McKinley has had type 2 diabetes for several years. His physician shared with him that after surgery he will not be on any medications for his diabetes and that he may be able to stop his medications for diabetes altogether
Describe the proposed effect of bariatric surgery on the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes. What, if any, other medical conditions might be affected by weight loss?
• Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) stimulate insulin secretion. GLP-1 also suppresses glucagon and slows gastric emptying, which delays digestion and reduces postprandial glycemia. GLP-1 also acts on the hypothalamus to induce satiety. Bariatric surgery increases the levels of these hormones and are hypothesized to dramatically improve glycemic control post-operatively.
• Weight loss will improve insulin sensitivity and contribute to improved glycemic control.
• Bariatric surgery restricts food intake to a small portion of food at each sitting, which increases satiety and helps prevent hyperglycemia.
• Other conditions that may be affected by weight loss include cardiovascular disease. If hyperglycemia can be controlled, it may reduce the damage to the blood vessels, which aids in reducing risk of cardiovascular disease.
• Sleep apnea will be improved with weight reduction, as there is less mass around the respiratory muscles.
• Hyperlipidemia can be improved. As the patient eats more consistently with a decreased capacity, lipid profiles may begin to normalize as the patient loses weight.
• Blood pressure can be lowered with weight reduction, aiding in resolving hypertension.
• May reduce risk of cancer as obesity is linked with some forms of cancers
• May improve psychological health as obesity is associated with feelings of guilt, depression, anxiety, and low self-worth
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A. It provides the medium within which other nutrients function and regulates body temperature B. It constitutes the majority of body weight, thus, rapid losses through dehydration may prove fatal in a relatively short time C. The combination of environmental heat and increased heat from exercise metabolism may disturb body-water supplies, electrolyte status, and temperature regulations D. It contains some food energy and enables the utilization of most of the other nutrients essential to life
Regardless of the preparation procedure used, poultry should be cooked until it holds 165°F for a minimum of 15 seconds because of the risk of foodborne illness.
Answer the following statement true (T) or false (F)
Well-planned vegetarian diets can reduce the risk of all of the following chronic diseases EXCEPT:
a. heart disease. b. cancer. c. obesity. d. anemia.
Autodigestion of the pancreas is prevented by storing the digestive enzymes in their inactive forms, as zymogens
a. True b. False Indicate whether the statement is true or false