Stanley Milgram studied the extent to which ordinary people would be willing to inflict pain on another human. Which of the following describes a potential ethical problem from his famous experiment?
a. Participants were led to believe that they were administering real shocks, and this could have been an ethical breach because a researcher should never lie to participants.
b. A confederate was used, and utilizing an actor in an experiment could have been unethical.
c. The researcher inflicted considerable distress on participants.
d. Participants were forced to participate and were not permitted to drop out.
Answer: c. The researcher inflicted considerable distress on participants.
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Policy innovations that are relatively difficult to implement are ones that:
A) Adhere to traditional practices. B) Are non-controversial. C) Propose ill-conceived changes in existing policy. D) None of these.
When a policy innovation seeks ambitious changes in existing programs but allocates only minimal resources, it suffers from:
a. A flawed strategy. b. Faulty implementation. c. An uncertain prognosis. d. An internal contradiction.