Imagine that a researcher measures a specific psychological characteristic (SPC) in pairs of siblings who are being reared together. She finds a correlation of .15 between pairs of adopted siblings who are biologically unrelated, a correlation of
63 for fraternal twins, and a correlation of .92 for identical twins. These results suggest that
A) compared to the impact of the environment, genetics contributes relatively little to variability in the SPC.
B) the shared environment contributes greatly to the variability in the SPC only among the identical twins.
C) both the environment and genetics contribute substantially to the variability in the SPC.
D) relative to the influence of genetics, the environment contributes relatively little to variability in the SPC.
D) relative to the influence of genetics, the environment contributes relatively little to variability in the SPC. Increasingly strong, positive correlations for a trait, as a function of genetic relatedness, indicate that the trait has a significant genetic component.
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When we use heterogeneous subsamples of data, such as older and younger subjects, the resulting correlation between intelligence and education could
a. tell you more about the relationship between Age and Education than between Intelligence and Education. b. be very misleading. c. represent the relationship between Education and Intelligence accurately. d. all of the above
Punishment is rarely used as the sole type of behavioral intervention because the use of punishment:
a. actually causes the undesirable behavior to increase b. only teaches someone what not to do, it does not teach someone the appropriate way to act c. usually suppresses adaptive behaviors as well as maladaptive behaviors d. can cause the client to become overly dependent on the therapist
Regarding self-esteem, which of the following statements is FALSE?
a. Self-esteem buffers us against negative experiences. b. A person with low self-esteem suffers from poor self-knowledge with their self-concepts being inconsistent, inaccurate, and confused. c. A positive self-evaluation that is bestowed very easily tends to be healthy and appropriate. d. The success that helps create high self-esteem is viewed differently by different cultures.
The Bay of Pigs invasion, the Challenger explosion, and
countless other meetings where group unanimity comes at the expense of critical thinking and sound decision making, is known as A) socialthink. B) thinktank. C) groupthink. D) group polarization