Describe the desensitization theory
What will be an ideal response?
Desensitization theory, based on the concept of systematic desensitization, suggests that mantra meditation induces a global desensitization of many disturbing thoughts and images. Systematic desensitization, a technique pioneered by the behavior therapist Joseph Wolpe (1958), pairs relaxation responses with a graduated hierarchy of phobic images. These mental images start with the least and proceed in a graded fashion to the most phobic. By pairing relaxation with these phobic images, the anxiety associated with them is attenuated through a process called counterconditioning. When encountering these same images in real life, the phobic individual who undergoes this counterconditioning process no longer experiences unmanageable anxiety. The desensitization theory of mantra meditation then suggests that as the meditator experiences various thoughts and images that drift in and out of consciousness, some disturbing or anxiety provoking thoughts and images are desensitized by being paired with the relaxation inducing mantra. It's like demagnetizing a library book before walking out of the library. The demagnetized book will not set off the alarm as it would have done had it remained magnetized.
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Psychodynamic theories have been criticized for their lack of empirical evidence and poor testability. Are there some of Freud's, Jung's, and Adler's ideas that would be easier to test than others? How might you go about designing research studies to test some of these ideas?
What will be an ideal response?
The t-tests and ANOVAs used for comparing means are also appropriate for ______ data.
A. nominal/ordinal B. ratio/interval C. ordinal/interval D. ratio/ordinal
Which of the following was demonstrated by Doosje and Branscombe's work on attributions for the Holocaust?
A. that the actor-observer bias can extend to nations as well as individuals B. that German guilt led them to make more dispositional attributes C. that Jews felt historical context was the most important factor D. that people born after WWII differed in their attributions about the Holocaust
Researchers conduct an experiment in which one group is exposed to Treatment A and the other group is exposed to Treatment B. The treatments are the
a) independent variable. b) dependent variable. c) control group. d) treatment group.