The nurse is caring for a patient with end-stage chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Which medication can help reduce acute dyspnea associated with this disease?
a. PO cortisone
b. IV morphine
c. IV propranolol (Inderal)
d. IM meperidine (Demerol)
ANS: B
IV morphine helps acute dyspnea and anxiety in patients with end-stage disease. A. Cortisone may reduce inflammation, but the oral route is too slow for acute dyspnea. D. Meperidine has not been shown to reduce dyspnea. C. Propranolol is a beta blocker and may aggravate bronchoconstriction.
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A) Cohort study
B) Cross-sectional study
C) Case-control study
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