Which of the following is not one of the three sources of strain identified by classic strain theory?

a. the presentation of or threat of presentation of negatively valued stimuli
b. failure to match expectations with achievements
c. disjunction between goals and expectations
d. when individuals believe that they have been unfairly treated


Answer: a. the presentation of or threat of presentation of negatively valued stimuli

Criminal Justice

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Phrenology is also known as __________

Fill in the blank(s) with the appropriate word(s).

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Answer the following statement(s) true (T) or false (F)

1. Criminology and criminal justice researchers prefer to use quantitative data. 2. Quantitative data is numerical data that quantifies characteristics about a topic. 3. One uses deductive reasoning to understand qualitative data. 4. Quantitative data is used to calculate statistics. 5. Evaluation research often uses both quantitative and qualitative data.

Criminal Justice

Who often hears juvenile cases in smaller cities?

A) judges of adult courts B) probation officers C) parole officers D) prosecutors

Criminal Justice

What is the instruction that tells jurors they can infer that the witness's testimony would have been unfavorable to the prosecution?

a. a hearsay instruction b. a missing witness instruction c. a constitutional reversible error instruction d. an imprisonment peremptory instruction

Criminal Justice