Identify and describe the four different types of evidence discussed in the chapter.
What will be an ideal response?
The evidence introduced at trial may be either real evidence or testimonial evidence (Scheb & Scheb,
1999). Real evidence consists of fingerprints or DNA linking the suspect to the crime, stolen property,
clothing worn by the victim, documents, photographs of the victim or the crime scene, guns or knives
used in the crime, and other tangible items. Testimonial evidence is the sworn statements of witnesses,
including the victim, eyewitnesses to the crime, and the police officers who investigated the crime. It also
includes the testimony of experts who are called to testify about things such as the defendant’s sanity;
the scientific tests that were conducted on fingerprints, DNA, or a recovered weapon; or the cause of the
victim’s death. Evidence can be either direct or indirect. Direct evidence includes eyewitness testimony,
the confession of the defendant, or testimony by the victim of the crime; it is evidence that, by itself,
proves (or disproves) a fact that is at issue in the case. Indirect evidence, or circumstantial evidence, is
evidence that requires the judge or jury to make inferences about what happened at the scene of the
crime or judgments about the defendant’s role in the crime.
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Which state was the first to centralize its state police force?
a. South Carolina b. Pennsylvania c. Georgia d. North Carolina
The end result of a theory that is not verified is
A) justification. B) falsification. C) clarification. D) subjugation.
Which of the following was not given by the U.S. Supreme Court in Kennedy v. Mendoza-Martinez as a consideration as to whether a law is or is not criminal?
A) Whether the penalty imposed has been viewed as criminal in the past B) Whether the population considers the action as deserving of criminal punishment C) Whether the penalty involves a significant restraint on individual freedom D) Whether the penalty is imposed due to an individual’s intentional wrongdoing
These theories explain the notion that drug abuse is a consequence of societal ills, such as an imbalance of economic and political power
a. Anomie theories b. Genetic theories c. Behavioral-Moral theories d. Conflict theories