Erik goes to play in the sandbox. When he is playing, Bill gets in the sandbox and tells Erik to leave. When he doesn't leave, Bill throws sand in his face. Erik cries and runs home. The next day Erik goes to play in the sandbox again. Kathleen is in the sandbox and starts throwing sand at Erik. Again, he starts crying and runs home. Erik doesn't play in the sandbox anymore. Erik's behavior of

playing in the sandbox has been strengthened/weakened by

a. extinction.
b. positive reinforcement.
c. negative reinforcement.
d. punishment.


D

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Which statement about the cloze procedure is true?

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Which of the following areas of phonemic awareness are needed for early reading?

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