Explain informational and observational probable cause
What will be an ideal response?
Probable cause is stronger than reasonable suspicion; is based on facts or observation; may lead a reasonable person to believe a crime is being or has been committed; and may justify more invasive action by officers (e.g., a search or an arrest). Observational probable cause is derived from a government agent's personal experiences—what officers perceive through their own senses. The physical actions of a person, such a furtive conduct, can be included in the totality of the circumstances when developing probable cause. Physical evidence and admissions may provide sufficient probable cause to arrest. Presence at a crime scene or association with known criminals are not sufficient by themselves to provide probable cause, but can contribute to it. Informational probable cause is information provided by official sources (such as roll call, dispatch, and police bulletins) and unofficial sources (such as witnesses, victims, and informants).
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Among the duties of the constable, prior to the emergence of full-time policing, included which of the following?
a. The prevention of crime by ferreting out potential criminals. b. Responding to calls by citizens for assistance. c. Breaking up strikes and protests among workers. d. All of the above
How did the court in Warshak v. United States handle the issue of whether a person, whose business was under criminal investigation, had a reasonable expectation of privacy in the contents of his personal e-mail account?
a. The court held that Warshak assumed the risk that the recipient of his e-mails would reveal the contents of e-mails. b. The court found that screening e-mails for viruses or pornography does not invade an individual’s content-based privacy in the e-mails and has little bearing on his expectation of privacy in the content. c. The court found that protecting shared communications through e-mails is as important to the Fourth Amendment principles today as protecting telephone conversations has been in the past. d. All of the above reflect the court’s opinion in Warshak.
The elderly are particularly resistant to the temptations of crime
a. True b. False Indicate whether the statement is true or false
One out of____ African American children has a parent who has been to prison
a. 2 b. 6 c. 9 d. 13