A conditioned reinforcer that is used in a token economy to increase desirable behavior is referred to as a(an):
a. backup reinforcer
b. establishing operation
c. token
d. primary reinforcer
c
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Assume that variables X and Y are significantly correlated; the concept of reverse causality tells us that
a. X causes Y but not the reverse. b. Y causes X but not the reverse. c. X might cause Y or Y might cause X. d. X causes Y and Y causes X.
Brooks (1968) asked participants to make judgments about letters when they were only imagining the letter. He showed that:
a. visual tasks can interfere with auditory imagery. b. the phonological loop is a static entity. c. using a visual mode of responding interfered with performance on a visual imagery task. d. visual imagery can be influenced by semantic factors, such as the shape and size of the letters.
When young children are using speech that is spoken and directed to themselves, this is called __________
a) egocentric speech b) syntax c) fast mapping d) private speech
Not conveyed in the program's title, nor in the website's brief description of it, is the extensive ________ function of the Common Core State Standards (CCSS).
A. standard-setting B. guideline-setting C. educational testing D. record-keeping