Which of the following relationships best illustrates introspection?
a. descriptions by the individual of his or her own sensations and perceptions
b. descriptions of an individual's behavior by a trained observer
c. identification of reinforcers and punishers in specific situations
d. identification of the relationships between neural functioning and cognition
A
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How might a 4-year-old evaluate her self-esteem?
a. She won't? 4-year-olds are too young to think of themselves in this way. b. According to cognitive competence, physical competence, and social acceptance. c. She will mostly see herself in terms of internal personality traits. d. Four-year-olds always see themselves positively.
Sonya decides to teach her eight-month-old son Max to wave his hands when he is hungry by giving him his favorite cracker every time he randomly waves his hands. One morning, Sonya catches Max waving his hands, so she searches through the pantry to find his crackers. Is Max likely to learn through Sonya's technique?
A. No; babies typically do not learn from operant conditioning until they are at least one year old. B. Yes; Sonya has chosen Max's favorite snack so he is likely to repeat the behavior. C. No; for the reinforcer to work in an eight-month-old baby, it must be given within two seconds of the behavior. D. Yes; Sonya has chosen an easy action for an eight-month-old, hand waving, and an effective motivator, hunger.
At which of the following stimuli would an infant prefer to look??
a. ?a checkerboard b. ?a face c. ?the color red d. ?a swirly lollipop
In _________ theories, gender is emphasized as a conceptual category, a way of classifying people on the basis of their overt appearance or behavior
a. learning c. psychosocial b. social cognitive d. cognitive-developmental