Why do only humans have language, and other animal species do not?
a. Humans have the largest brain in the animal kingdom
b. Humans hear a wider range of sounds than any other species.
c. Humans have working memory, and other species do not.
d. Humans have specialized areas of the brain that enable language.
d
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Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?
a. giving a child a sweet dessert as a reward for finishing his dinner b. paying a child a dollar for each "A" received on her report card c. stopping nagging a child when he finally cleans his room d. cutting a child's TV time by 30 minutes each time she "talks back"
A researcher places dogs in a cage with metal bars on the floor
The dogs are randomly given electric shocks and can do nothing to prevent them or stop them. Later, the same dogs are placed in a cage where they can escape the shocks by jumping over a low hurdle. When the shocks are given, the dogs do not even try to escape. They just sit and cower. This is an example of ____________. a) learned helplessness b) avoidance learning c) aversive conditioning d) vicarious learning
Apart from its effect on the study of attitude change, describe how the advent of Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory impacted our understanding of conditioning. What type of conditioning is most impacted by cognitive dissonance findings?
In which model (conditioning or dissonance) is cognition viewed as a non-observable cause of behavior (and why is that important)? Describe the differing predictions the two approaches would make for Festinger's experiment, referring in detail to aspects of the induced-compliance "$1/$20" paradigm.
A prototype is:
a. a group of objects sharing one or more common features b. the first example of a concept that one encounters c. the most frequent or common example of a concept d. the best or most typical example of a concept