A threat to internal validity that refers to the fact that the researcher knows the research hypothesis and thus causes an invalid confirmation of the research hypothesis is known as
a. a demand characteristic.
b. experimenter bias.
c. a placebo effect.
d. an informed experimenter effect.
b
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Johnny has always feared going to the dentist as he associated these visits with pain. After repeated visits to the dentist, Johnny also developed the fear of bright lights as he had started associating it with the dentist's cabin. In the given scenario, the development of Johnny's fear of bright lights is due to _____
A) counterconditioning B) higher-order conditioning C) selective attention D) general adaptation
According to the chapter They Don't Look the Same to Meabout homogeneity and heterogeneity biases,
participants were better at differentiating between_____________ faces than _______________ faces. (a) neutral black; happy black (b) happy black; neutral black (c) neutral black; angry black (d) angry black; neutral black
Separation protest declines during which of Bowlby's phases?
A) preattachment B) "attachment in the making" C) "clear-cut" attachment D) formation of a reciprocal relationship
Parents actively reinforce __________ in boys and __________ in girls
A) supportive talk; demands for attention B) independence; dependency C) closeness; emotionality D) emotional sensitivity; emotional restraint