A 52-year-old male suffered a myocardial infarction secondary to atherosclerosis and ischemia. Once blood flow is returned to the damaged heart, reperfusion injury occurs as a result of:
a. oxidation stress.
b. vacuolation.
c. decreased intracellular calcium.
d. lipid acceptor proteins.
ANS: A
Reperfusion injury can result from oxidative stress, increased intracellular calcium, inflammation, or complement activation. Oxidative stress causes the formation of radicals that cause further membrane damage and mitochondrial calcium overload. Vacuolation leads to cellular swelling but is not associated with reperfusion. An increase of intracellular calcium is a cause of reperfu-sion injury. Lipid acceptor proteins bind with triglycerides to create fatty liver, and they do not affect the myocardium.
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