Julian seeks professional help for his fear of spiders
In stages, his therapist shows him pictures, movies, and models of spiders, then a real dead spider, a small live spider in a jar, several live spiders in a jar, and finally a live spider loose in the room. At each stage, he made sure that Julian was fully relaxed. This technique is known as _______.
a. free association
b. desensitization
c. aversive conditioning
d. transactional therapy
b
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Partial reinforcement is defined as reinforcement in which:
A. behaviors are not reinforced every time they occur B. the organism gives up before full reinforcement is obtained C. only secondary reinforcers are utilized D. punishment is used to shape behaviors
Ensuring experimental control is often more difficult in research on thinking and problem solving because
a. between-subjects designs are often used. b. experiments in this area are often more complicated than experiments in other areas of psychology. c. there are many extraneous variables that might influence performance. d. all of these.
The specialized white blood cells called ____________________ have the job of attacking foreign substances, such as viruses and bacteria
Fill in the blank(s) with correct word
Celia, who is a college student, has always thought of herself as an environmental activist. Recently, she "inherited" a gas-guzzling car from her parents, which she has been driving around campus. To reduce the cognitive dissonance that she feels from these clashing images of herself, the environmental activist and the gas-guzzling car owner, she might say that her "schedule has become too
hectic to spend time biking or riding the bus and besides it has become too expensive to ride the bus," which illustrates the strategy of a. changing her attitude. b. changing the importance of the dissonant thoughts. c. adding consonant thoughts. d. reducing the amount of her perceived choice.