Describe the visual abilities of a newborn infant
What will be an ideal response?
ANSWER:
?Babies are very nearsighted at birth. Objects need to be close in order for babies to see them, and even then, the objects look blurry. In addition, a baby’s eyes lack convergence, or the ability to focus both eyes on an object. This may be why newborns typically look cross-eyed in photographs. However, as the structure of the eyes and the neural connections in the brain mature, babies attain visual convergence. Newborns show a preference for looking at complex, high-contrast stimuli. If given a choice among various complex visual stimuli, infants will spend most of their time looking at faces (Frank, Amso, & Johnson, 2014; Pascalis & Kelly, 2009; Turati, 2004; Turati & Simion, 2002). This preference is adaptive, as it helps foster a social bond with the primary caretaker. By 3 months old, a baby can tell the difference between its primary caretaker’s face and that of a stranger and more easily recognizes faces from its own race (Bar-Haim et al., 2006; Kelly et al., 2007; Sangrigoli & de Schonen, 2004). Infants also have more difficulty processing male faces than female faces (Ramsey-Rennels & Langlois, 2006).
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a) between-participants study b) case study c) single-blind study d) naturalistic observation
Which one of the following statements correctly describes the educational credentials of clinical and counseling psychologists?
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