Answer the following statement(s) true (T) or false (F)
1. An indictment is a charging document drafted by a prosecutor and tested before a judge.
2. A plea of nolo contendere has the same legal effect as a guilty plea.
3. The defense generally makes the first opening statement at trial.
4. Probation is an institutional sentence.
5. Discretionary decision-making can negatively impact criminal justice system efficiency.
1. FALSE
2. TRUE
3. FALSE
4. FALSE
5. TRUE
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Which of the following is viewed as a general cause(s) of stress among police officers?
a. Being constantly tested – for promotions, for weapon certification, etc. b. Personal pathology, where officers are viewed as unable to handle the job's rigors. c. Structural problems or the pathology of the environment, especially the police organization itself. d. Both b and c
Fines are monetary payments imposed on an offender as an intermediate punishment for a criminal act. They are a direct offshoot of:
a. the Quaker religious beliefs underlying the American prison system. b. judicial abuse of discretion in sentencing procedures. c. the early common-law practice requiring compensation to the victim and state. d. claims of racial bias in the sentencing process.
Which of the following can be defined as measurement of the effects of a program in terms of its specific goals, outcomes, or particular program criteria?
a. Policy research b. Evaluation research c. Evaluation assessment d. Policy assessment
According to some research, defendants with which of the following characteristics are more likely to receive harshest sentences?
A. young adults B. Whites C. females D. high socioeconomic status