Mr. Hayato was diagnosed with emphysema more than 10 years ago. Define emphysema and explain its underlying pathophysiology
What will be an ideal response?
• Emphysema is part of a group of disorders called chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
The other major category of COPD is chronic bronchitis.
These conditions lead to progressive damage to the lungs, which obstructs air flow and often results in respiratory failure.
• Emphysema results from irreversible destruction of lung tissue that causes loss of elasticity in the alveoli.
Healthy alveoli provide a rigid structure to bronchioles that allow the airways to remain open.
In emphysema, the tissue loses its elasticity and collapses when air is exhaled.
• This destruction is generally due to exposure to cigarette smoke, though genetics may play a role in susceptibility.
• Due to hyperinflation of the lungs to accommodate difficult expiration, a "barrel chest" and wasting of skeletal muscle mass occurs.
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A. the time before pregnancy B. the ability to conceive C. the point at which the ovum is fertilized by the sperm D. the time before birth
Zinc is not significantly involved in the process of gene expression
a. true b. false
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