The specialized reproductive structures of sac fungi are called
A) mycelia. B) asci. C) toadstools. D) basidia. E) zygospores.
B
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A fertilized, diploid egg is called a ____
Fill in the blank with the appropriate word.
Which of the following statements about fertilization in humans is false?
A. The fast block to polyspermy involves modifications to the structure of the zona pellucida. B. Sperm must pass through a layer of follicle cells and the zona pellucida before binding to the egg plasma membrane. C. Chemical cues released from the egg guide the movement of sperm. D. Sperm are incapable of fertilizing an egg before undergoing capacitation in the female reproductive tract. E. The oocyte completes meiosis II only after the plasma membranes of the egg and sperm fuse.
Why are such a high percentage of infant botulism cases associated with ingestion of honey?
A. Bees cultivate C. botulinum bacteria within their hives as a food source, so it gets mixed in with the honey. B. The infant digestive tract is far more susceptible to the effects of botulism toxin (found in the honey in relatively high levels) than the adult digestive tract. C. The spores of C. botulinum produce a strong endotoxin. This endotoxin has little effect on adults due to their overall size. Infants, however, are significantly smaller (and therefore far more susceptible) than adults. D. There can be endospores from C. botulinum in honey. They may germinate in the intestines of infants following consumption of honey, leading to colonization and pathogenesis as the bacteria begin forming botulism toxin. Adults' normal intestinal microbiota will out-compete the new microbes, but very young infants may not yet have this normal flora established.
Describe the direction of information flow in living systems. Use appropriate, scientific terms in your description
What will be an ideal response?