The principle of legality means that an individual cannot be convicted of, or punished for, a crime unless the law _____.

a. has passed constitutional muster
b. defined the crime and punishment before the person engaged in the crime
c. has been checked for its legality before it goes into effect
d. states a punishment that fits the crime


b. defined the crime and punishment before the person engaged in the crime

Criminal Justice

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Under Miranda v. Arizona (1966) police must stop questioning a suspect who had properly waived her right to silence when the suspects invokes ____________________________

Fill in the blank with correct word.

Criminal Justice

A ________ is a reconnaissance operation or exploratory testing of the instrument using subjects who are similar to the group to be studied

Fill in the blank(s) with correct word

Criminal Justice

Miller points out the irony that while members claim one thing they get out of gangs is a sense of protection in fact gang involvement itself

a. decreases exposure to victimization risk although does suggest willingness to be victimized if needed. b. decreases social status within the community and involves social rejection. c. increases exposure to victimization risk and even suggests a willingness to be victimized. d. provides several additional positives such as social support and opportunities for interaction.

Criminal Justice

The Mau Mau movement originated in ______

a. France b. Spain c. Chad d. Kenya

Criminal Justice