Antimicrobics effective against a wide variety of microbial types are termed
A. synthetic drugs.
B. antibiotics.
C. broad-spectrum drugs.
D. semisynthetic drugs.
E. narrow-spectrum drugs.
Answer: C
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Arrange the following layers from most external to most internal
1 = Cell membrane 2 = Capsule 3 = Cell wall
a. 1, 2, 3 b. 2, 1, 3 c. 2, 3, 1 d. 3, 1, 2 e. 3, 2, 1
Cigarette smoking causes ____
a. a decrease in mucus production b. an increase in the number of phagocytes c. slow bone healing d. an increase in the amount of cilia lining the airways e. an increase in the birth weight of newborns of mothers who smoke
Scientists can determine the size of DNA fragments through a process known as gel electrophoresis. In this process, DNA is loaded into a gel submerged in a liquid buffer through which an electric current is run. Large DNA molecules move slower and can be observed at the top of the gel, whereas smaller DNA fragments move faster (and are seen at the bottom of the gel). Based on what you know about the properties of DNA, how is the electric current arranged in this process?
a. Since DNA is negatively charged, the positive end is placed at the top of the gel, and the negative end is placed at the bottom of the gel. b. Since DNA is negatively charged, the negative end is placed at the top of the gel, and the positive end is placed at the bottom of the gel. c. Since DNA is positively charged, the negative end is placed at the top of the gel, and the positive end is placed at the bottom of the gel. d. Since DNA is positively charged, the positive end is placed at the top of the gel, and the negative end is placed at the bottom of the gel. e. Since DNA is uncharged, the placement of the positive end and negative end does not matter.
For each statement below, indicate whether it is true or false, and explain why
A. To meet a challenge or develop a new function, evolution essentially builds from first principles, designing from scratch, to find the best possible solution. B. Nearly every instance of DNA duplication leads to a new functional gene. C. A pseudogene is very similar to a functional gene but cannot be expressed because of mutations. D. Most genes in vertebrates are unique, and only a few genes are members of multigene families. E. Horizontal gene transfer is very rare and thus has had little influence on the genomes of bacteria.