Describe the stages of carcinogenesis and relate how dietary elements can modify this process
Carcinogenesis, the process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells, is complex and moves through several stages. The stages are:
1 . Activation (from inactive or quiescent state)
2 . Initiation (injury or insult to DNA by a carcinogen such as free radicals, toxin, virus, or radiation)
3 . Promotion (damaged DNA divides during a lag period, potentially over 10–30 years)
4 . Progression (uncontrolled growth of cancer cells)
5 . Invasion and metastasis (spread to other tissues and organs)
6 . Possible remission (successful treatment or reversal)
Aflatoxins, red meat, alcohol can promote damage, while cruciferous vegetables and phytoestrogens in soybeans can inhibit the process.
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Lactose maldigestion is an uncommon disorder that only affects approximately 25% of the human population
a. True b. False Indicate whether the statement is true or false
One sign of feeding problems in high-risk infants younger than 6 months is _____
a. a brief duration of feeding b. too tight a seal on the mother's nipple c. a rhythmic sucking pattern d. shallow breathing after the feeding e. coughing during the feeding
Which of the following BEST explains why female athletes with low energy availability have an increased risk for developing low bone density?
A. low estrogen levels B. frequent electrolyte imbalance C. compromised immune system D. decreased cortisol secretion
Unlike coffee, which comes from beans, tea comes from a
A. flower. B. leaf. C. root. D. stem. E. shoot. F. fruit.