How could Vygotsky's concept of the zone of proximal development be applied to intelligence testing?
a. A blood test could be given before the exam to test for genetic advantages in intellect.
b. All intelligence tests could be given in a standard language, as the effects of culture and language on intelligence are minimal.
c. The test-taker could be denied access to scratch paper and be told to perform all calculation in his or her head.
d. The person giving the test could be allowed to give hints if the test-taker answered incorrectly.
d
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Chapter 1 of your textbook ends with a discussion about the five themes of this book. According to this discussion,
a. cognition is generally not very accurate. b. cognition typically emphasizes both top-down and bottom-up processing. c. children typically emphasize top-down processing, but adults typically emphasize bottom-up processing. d. cognition is typically more accurate for negative information than for positive information.
Jim's primary appraisal of his financial decrease is that it is relevant but not threatening. Jim's next thought is most likely to be
a. determining what kind of stress he is experiencing. b. moving on to secondary appraisal. c. soliciting a second opinion about this stressful event. d. deciding he is not experiencing stress.
What was the result of blocking Nogo-A in monkeys with surgically induced spinal cord damage?
A. There was no change in any motor function. B. Monkeys recovered 80% of the use of their paralyzed hands. C. The nonparalyzed hand became more functional, but no changes were observed in the paralyzed hand. D. Reversal of paralysis occurred in 50% of the monkeys in the study.
Of the following, which personality characteristic is most associated with the risk of a heart attack?
a. ?a sense of time urgency b. ?hostility c. ?workaholic d. ?competitive