The liver has many functions and liver failure can lead to multiple system complications. Which of the following are complications associated with liver failure? (Select all that apply.)
a. ammonia and byproducts accumulate in the blood and cause neurological problems
b. musculoskeletal wasting
c. abnormal Vitamin K activation and coagulation problems
d. increased risk for infection
e. ascites due to intrahepatic vascular obstruc-tion
f. clubbing of fingernails due to poor oxygenation
A, C, D, E
Because of the multiple functions of the liver, liver failure leads to multiple system complications. Ammonia and metabolic byproducts are not metabolized and accumulate in the blood and cause neurological problems. Abnormal Vitamin K activation and clotting factors lead to coagulation problems and bleeding tendencies. Clients are at risk for infection due to general malnutrition, debilitation, impairment of phagocytosis, and decreased liver production of immune related proteins. Fluid retention may occur due to decreased albumin production causing failure to retain fluid in the bloodstream. Sodium and water retention may occur from renin and aldosterone production causing peripheral edema. Ascites (accumulation of serous fluid in the abdominal cavity) may occur because of intrahepatic vascular obstruction causing fluid movement into the perineum. Other signs and symptoms of liver failure include personality changes (agitation, forgetfulness, and disorientation), malaise, fever, anorexia, mild tremors, indigestion, nausea, weight loss, diarrhea or constipation, clay-colored stools, epigastric discomfort, and dull aching RUQ pain. Bruising of the skin, dry skin, bleeding of the gums, jaundice skin and sclera, pruritis (itching) and anemia may be present.
You might also like to view...
A 15-year-old patient was admitted to the hospital with a bowel obstruction. The patient underwent surgery and was experiencing postoperative pain
The nurse caring for the patient had recently read a research article in which a study had been done with neonatal (infant) patients and the use of therapeutic touch to assist with pain control. Which factor is most important for the nurse to consider in this case when applying research to clinical practice? a. The patient's gender b. The patient's preference c. The patient's allergies d. The patient's roommate
Which medication would the nurse expect the physician to order postoperatively for a patient who has had a liver transplant?
a. Phenergan b. Zofran c. Aspirin d. Cyclosporine
Cross-tolerance is commonly observed in the effects of:
A. alcohol B. barbiturates C. benzodiazepines D. all of the above
A patient with Parkinson's disease is admitted to the hospital for treatment of pneumonia. Which nursing interventions will be included in the plan of care (select all that apply)?
a. Use an elevated toilet seat. b. Cut patient's food into small pieces. c. Provide high-protein foods at each meal. d. Place an armchair at the patient's bedside. e. Observe for sudden exacerbation of symptoms.