Describe critical thinking and the five principles which form the foundation of it
What will be an ideal response?
Answer will include that critical thinking in psychology is a type of reflection that involves asking whether a particular belief can be supported by scientific theory and observation. Critical thinkers are willing to challenge conventional wisdom by asking hard questions. Critical thinking relies on the following basic principles. (1) Few "truths" transcend the need for logical analysis and empirical testing. While religious beliefs and personal values may be held as matters of faith, most other ideas can and should be evaluated by applying the rules of logic, evidence, and the scientific method. (2) Critical thinkers often wonder what it would take to show that a "truth" is false. Critical thinkers actively seek to falsify beliefs, including their own. (3) Authority or claimed expertise does not automatically make an idea true or false. Just because a teacher, guru, celebrity, or authority is convinced or sincere doesn't mean one should automatically believe or disbelieve that person. (4) Judging the quality of evidence is crucial. To decide correctly, one can't just weigh the amount of evidence. One must also critically evaluate the quality of the evidence. Then one can give greater weight to the most credible facts. (5) Critical thinking requires an open mind. Be prepared to consider daring departures and go wherever the evidence leads. However, don't become so "open-minded" that one is simply gullible.
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According to Bowlby, the key change in parent/child attachments during childhood involves
a. more socialize efforts by the child and less by the parent. b. the child's abandonment of the notion of the parent as a safe haven when frightened. c. a more goal-directed partnership. d. a reduction in the child attempting to negotiate when ritualistic events (e.g., reading a book) occur.
What effect does the hormone angiotensin II have?
a. increased storage of food as fat b. constriction of blood vessels c. decreased emptying of the stomach d. increased growth of the gonads
Steve asked Sally to run a food donation program for the holidays. When she said she could not do that, he asked her if she could sign up to help out for one weekend. She is more likely to say yes to this second request because
a. he used the foot-in-the-door technique. b. she will feel really guilty if she doesn't do something to help others that weekend. c. he used the door-in-the-face technique. d. she should pay back in kind what she receives from others.
Differences between individuals who were born and grew up at different times are known as ________
a) cross-sectional effects b) reference groups c) cohort effects d) cognitive differences